Octopuses like Doflein’s octopus may experience a degree of consciousness Victor1153/Shutterstock
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In recent decades, experiments have begun to catch up with what people who work closely with animals have always known – that animals have an inner life, and consciousness isn’t uniquely human.
Consciousness is a concept that is fiendishly difficult to define. There have been many attempts: is it awareness, or awareness of that awareness, or self-awareness instead? But a useful working definition might be…
